VW Polo manuals

Volkswagen Polo Service & Repair Manual: Physical Principles

The four known states of water also apply to air conditioning system refrigerants.
1 -  gaseous (invisible)
2 -  vapor
3 -  fluid
4 -  solid
 

Physical Principles

When water is heated in a vessel (heat absorption), water vapor can be seen to rise. If the vapor is further heated through heat absorption, the visible vapor turns into invisible gas. The process is reversible. The warmth is extracted from gaseous water, vapor forms first, then water and then ice.
A -  Heat absorption
B -  Heat emission
 

Physical Principles

Heat Transfer

Every substance consists of a mass of moving molecules. The fast moving molecules of a warmer substance give off some of their energy to the cooler and thus slower molecules. As a result, the molecular motion of the warmer substance slows down and that of the colder substance is accelerated. This process continues until the molecules of both substances are moving at the same speed. They are then at the same temperature and no further heat exchange takes place.
   
A/C Technology Basic Principles
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Pressure and Boiling Point
The boiling point given in tables for a liquid is always referenced to an atmospheric pressure of 1 bar (14.5 psi). If the pressure acting on a fluid changes, its boi ...

Other materials:

Tires and Rims, Matching
If necessary repair flat spots from standing. Refer to → Chapter „Flat Spots, Correcting“. –  Dismount the tire. Refer to → Chapter „Tires, Dismounting“. –  Turn the ...

Changing the bulb in the number plate light
Fig. 186 In the rear bumper: number plate light Fig. 187 Number plate light: removing the bulb holder First read and observe the introductory information and safety warnings A normal flat screwdriver can be used to remove the number plate light . The actions sh ...

General Information
Tongue Weight Specifications The tongue weight specifications on the trailer hitch type label are inspection values and only valid for the hitch. The permitted tongue weight for the vehicle may be less and it must not b ...

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