Volkswagen Polo Service & Repair Manual: Physical Principles
The four known states of water also apply to air
conditioning system refrigerants. |
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When water is heated in a vessel (heat absorption), water
vapor can be seen to rise. If the vapor is further heated
through heat absorption, the visible vapor turns into invisible
gas. The process is reversible. The warmth is extracted from
gaseous water, vapor forms first, then water and then ice. |
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Heat Transfer
Every substance consists of a mass of moving molecules. The
fast moving molecules of a warmer substance give off some of
their energy to the cooler and thus slower molecules. As a
result, the molecular motion of the warmer substance slows down
and that of the colder substance is accelerated. This process
continues until the molecules of both substances are moving at
the same speed. They are then at the same temperature and no
further heat exchange takes place. |
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The boiling point given in tables for a liquid is always
referenced to an atmospheric pressure of 1 bar (14.5 psi). If
the pressure acting on a fluid changes, its boi ...
Other materials:
Contents
Fig. 162 Contents of the vehicle
toolkit
First read and observe the introductory
information and safety warnings
The content of the vehicle toolkit depends on the vehicle equipment level.
The following describes the maximum scope.
The vehicle toolkit contains the following
Screwdriv ...
Contacts in Contact Housing, Repairing
First, open or release if necessary the secondary lock of
the contact housing. Refer to
→ Chapter „Contact Housings, Releasing and Disassembling“.
–
Release contact (primary ...
Maximum permitted trailer weights
First read and observe the introductory information
and safety warnings
All data in the official vehicle documents take precedence over these data. All
data in this manual apply to the basic model. The vehicle data sticker in the service
schedule and the official vehicle documents show which ...
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