Volkswagen Polo Service & Repair Manual: Physical Principles
| The four known states of water also apply to air
conditioning system refrigerants. |
|
|
|
| When water is heated in a vessel (heat absorption), water
vapor can be seen to rise. If the vapor is further heated
through heat absorption, the visible vapor turns into invisible
gas. The process is reversible. The warmth is extracted from
gaseous water, vapor forms first, then water and then ice. |
|
|
|
Heat Transfer
| Every substance consists of a mass of moving molecules. The
fast moving molecules of a warmer substance give off some of
their energy to the cooler and thus slower molecules. As a
result, the molecular motion of the warmer substance slows down
and that of the colder substance is accelerated. This process
continues until the molecules of both substances are moving at
the same speed. They are then at the same temperature and no
further heat exchange takes place. |
|
|
|
The boiling point given in tables for a liquid is always
referenced to an atmospheric pressure of 1 bar (14.5 psi). If
the pressure acting on a fluid changes, its boi ...
Other materials:
Introduction
This chapter contains information on the following subjects: → Wheel cover
→ Wheel bolt caps
Additional information and warnings:
Tyre monitoring system
Cleaning and caring for the vehicle exterior
Vehicle toolkit
Changing a wheel
Breakdown set
...
Winter tyres
First read and observe the introductory information
and safety warningsIn winter road conditions, winter tyres will considerably
improve the car's handling. The design of summer tyres (width, rubber compound,
tread pattern) gives less grip on ice and snow. Volkswagen urgently recommends the
...
Petrol
First read and observe the introductory information
and safety warnings Petrol types
Vehicles with a petrol engine must be run on unleaded petrol in compliance with
the European standard EN 228 . Fuels with a maximum ethanol content
of 10% (E10) can be used for refuelling.
Petrol types ...
© 2016-2026 Copyright www.vwpolo.net
Pressure and Boiling Point