IntroductionCritical Point
Vehicle air conditioning systems make use of the
vaporization and condensation process. In this case, one works
with a substance which boils easily, designated as refrigerant.
The refrigerant employed is tetrafluoroethane R134a, which
bo ...
Warning lamp and coolant temperature display
Fig. 138 Coolant temperature display in
instrument cluster: Ⓐ cold; Ⓑ normal; Ⓒ warning
First read and observe the introductory information
and safety warningsA display for the coolant temperature may be, depending
on the vehicle equipment, located in instrument cluster. In normal driv ...
Heel and Toe Wear
Heel-and-toe wear is step-like wear of individual tread
blocks, due to which an increased rolling noise can develop. The
heel-and-toe wear is caused by the uneven distortion of the
tread blocks in the contact patch. Heel-and-toe wear appears in
more extr ...